The Link Between OCD and Epilepsy

The Link Between OCD and Epilepsy OCD Related Conditions Print The Link Between OCD and Epilepsy By Owen Kelly, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on January 23, 2020 fotografixx / Getty Images More in OCD Related Conditions Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment Types Living With OCD Although it may be surprising to some, there is a longstanding association between epilepsy and various forms of mental illness. Indeed, among patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, a form of epilepsy in which seizures begin in the temporal lobe of the brain, 70% meet diagnostic criteria for at least one form of mental illness and the most common are mood and anxiety disorders. Although numbers vary from study to study, research suggests that between 10% and 20% of people with temporal lobe epilepsy have ?obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). This rate is much higher than would be expected in the general population, where the prevalence is typically about 1.5% to 2%. While many forms of epilepsy carry an increased risk of OCD, temporal lobe epilepsy appears to have the strongest link. What Is Epilepsy? Before discussing the relationship between OCD and epilepsy, it may be helpful to first define what epilepsy is. Epilepsy affects up to 1% of the population. Although there are many types of epilepsy, each involves a disruption in the communication between neurons in the brain. When normal communication between nerve cells is disrupted it can lead to a pattern of neuronal activity that is known as a seizure. Seizures can take on many forms and can range from subtle alterations in consciousness to full-blown, so-called grand mal seizures. In this form of seizure, consciousness is lost and the entire body goes into violent convulsions. These are the type of seizures the general public is most familiar with. What Everyone Should Know About Seizures People with epilepsy usually experience numerous seizures and very often require treatment with medication to control seizure activity. In rare cases, brain surgery to remove certain regions of the brain may be necessary to control the seizures and regain quality of life. Similar Behaviors of OCD and Epilepsy Interestingly, it has been observed that people with temporal lobe epilepsy often display a specific pattern of behavior referred to as interictal behavior syndrome. This behavioral syndrome looks a lot like OCD in that it is often characterized by alterations in sexual behavior, increased religiosity and extensive, and in some cases compulsive, writing and drawing (sometimes called hypergraphy). Studies looking at personality variables have also identified developing obsessions as a core trait of individuals with temporal lobe epilepsy. These behaviors alone are not nearly sufficient for a diagnosis of OCD; however, they are the first clue that there is a vulnerability to engaging in obsessive, repetitive behaviors among individuals with temporal lobe epilepsy. In temporal lobe epilepsy, OCD usually occurs early after the onset of seizures. Later onset of OCD symptoms in epilepsy may be tied to brain damage occurring in brain circuits exposed to repeated seizure activity. The Most Common Symptoms of OCD It has been suggested that epilepsy may disturb circuits connecting different brain regions, particularly within the limbic system, basal ganglia and frontal cortex, brain regions that have been strongly implicated in the expression of OCD symptoms. Although not consistent across all studies, disruptions in the neurochemical serotonin have also been noted in both epilepsy and OCD. While research findings are mixed, total remission of OCD symptoms has been noted after surgery to remove brain areas affected by epilepsy. Treatment of OCD in the Context of Epilepsy Treatment of OCD in the context of epilepsy is very similar to OCD which occurs alone. Psychological treatments such as exposure and response prevention therapy or cognitive-behavioral therapy are a good first choice; however, because of the difficulties in memory sometimes experienced in epilepsy, treatment may need to be adjusted accordingly. Treatment with medication is also possible; however, because of the seizure-inducing potential of some medications used to treat OCD, some OCD medications are not indicated for use in patients with epilepsy. Others may be permissible but at carefully controlled dosages. In addition, potentially negative interactions between OCD medications and antiepileptic drugs need to be monitored. If you are seeking medical treatment for OCD, advise your family doctor or psychiatrist of all underlying medical conditions. Studies suggest that OCD in the context of epilepsy is often grossly under-diagnosed. This is important because when OCD and epilepsy co-occur, the risk of depression rises substantially. Depression makes the treatment of OCD and epilepsy more difficult, reduces treatment adherence, and increases the risk of suicide. How Depression Complicates the Treatment of OCD

Top 10 Gift Ideas for Architecture Enthusiasts

Human Gender and Mathematics Essay - 1381 Words

Human Gender and Mathematics Is there a difference in the mathematical ability between men and women? Historians have no precise method of quantifying or comparing their individual accomplishments (Olsen). Not only in mathematics, but also in many other career areas in the past, women were looked upon as inferior to their male counterparts. Women were not encouraged to pursue a career in mathematics. Historically, women were seen working around the home, cleaning the house, taking care of the children, and cooking the food. Even if they did pursue a career in mathematics, their research was sometimes viewed as questionable. I will defend the fact that, Women have the same capabilities of achieving in mathematics than men do.†¦show more content†¦Hypatia was born in 370 in Alexandria, Egypt. Hypatia was known as a mathematician, scientist, and philosopher. She was credited with the invention of the astrolabe, a device used in studying astronomy. However, she was better known for her work in mathematics, primarily for her ideas on conic sections. Her concepts developed ideas on hyperbolas, parabolas, and ellipses. Hypatia was the first woman to have such a profound impact on the survival of early thought in mathematics (Scott). Maria Gaetana Agnesi was born in Milan on May 16, 1718. By the age of twenty, she began working on her most important work, Analytical Institutions, dealing with differential and integral calculus. Analytical Institutions also deals with the analysis of finite quantities, problems of maxima, minima, tangents, inflection points, the analysis of infinitely small quantities, and differential quantities. She is also known for the curve called the Witch of Agnesi, which states that the x-axis is always horizontal and that the y-axis is always vertical (Scott). Maria Gaetana Agnesi Sophie Germain was born in Paris on April 1,1776. 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Right to Own an Architecture Free Essays

Right to own an architecture (by Wolfgang Koehler, Meaning, Germany 10/2008) The social issue I would like to discuss here is: â€Å"Suppose a computer manufacturer develops a new machine architecture. To what extent should the company be allowed to own that architecture? What policy would be best for society? † To develop a new machine architecture would require many recourses. Manpower, research laboratories, manufacturing equipment and last but not least a lot of money. We will write a custom essay sample on Right to Own an Architecture or any similar topic only for you Order Now Since companies are in business to make money for themselves as well as heir shareholders the answer to the first question to me is clear: 100%. Now we’ll take a look at the pros and cons of such a policy on different levels of society. Any policy of course will have a direct impact on the people that are directly involved with this company. They are the shareholders on one side and the employees on the other. If the company has the right to own this architecture the value of the company’s shares will go up. Also it will secure the employees workplaces or even add additional Jobs. This leads us to the next level of society to be taken in consideration, the city where this company is located. Not only will it receive more tax revenue as the company becomes more profitable it also might be able to attract more qualified people. The growing demand for components also might lead to additional companies opening businesses in town. All of this will create a better economy for the city and the people living there. One might argue that owning a certain technology will lead to a monopoly. The past forever showed that most companies are not able to supply the growing demand for their product and therefore they will license out the technology to others to capture a bigger portion of the market. At this point the prices for the product will also go down and the architecture will become affordable for more and more people The right of companies to own their developments actually leads to further development, because nobody wants to be outdone by the competition. A good example is the Apple pod as well as the phone. At the beginning Apple was the only company with such products on sale. Today Just about every major electronics manufacturer has similar or even better products in their portfolio. Since not everybody will have an immediate need for the product right at the point of its introduction to the market it can be summarized that a policy of 100% owner ship of the architecture has mostly positive impact on the society as such. The few perceived disadvantages are mostly based on wants rather then needs. How to cite Right to Own an Architecture, Papers

The Glass Menagerie A Study In Symbolism Essays -

The Glass Menagerie: A Study In Symbolism The Glass Menagerie: A Study in Symbolism In the drama, The Glass Menagerie (1945), Tennessee Williams reflects upon personal experiences he and his family encountered during the Depression of the 1930's. As a lower class family, the characters are placed in the slums of St. Louis in 1935. The protagonist, Tom Wingfield, is the narrator and Williams' surrogate. Living with his mother and sister, Tom supports them by working in a shoe manufacturing warehouse. He should feel lucky to have this job; however, he despises his work and dreams of leaving to become a Merchant Marine. Unhappy with what life has dealt him, Tom strives for adventure and longs to turn his back on his responsibilities. His mother, Amanda Wingfield, abandoned by her husband almost sixteen years ago, tries to keep her family together through tough times. Although her love and hopes for her children are sincere, her overbearing and outspoken nature often hurts them. Laura, Tom's sister, suffers from neuroses. She has trouble separating fantasy from reality. Without the ability to function in the outside world, Laura becomes a liability to both Tom and Amanda. The gentleman caller, Jim O'Connor, is a friend of Tom's from the warehouse. He is an ambitious young man, who strives for the American Dream through hard work and optimism. Jim offers the Wingfields hope for the future: Tom: He is the most realistic character in the play, being an emissary from a world of reality that we were somehow set apart from. But since I have a poet's weakness for symbols, I am using this character also as a symbol; he is the long- delayed but always expected something that we live for (23). Williams gives the reader many emblems throughout the play; there are three of them are especially interesting. The unicorn symbolizes Laura's uniqueness, the picture of Mr. Wingfield represents his strong influence on his deserted family, and Malvolio's coffin trick signifies Tom's suffocating lifestyle. The unicorn is a symbolic representation of ways that Laura is unique or unusual. The first facet of the unicorn, its horn, refers to ways that Laura is an unusual person, such as in her may escape mechanisms. Laura's escape devices include her glass menagerie, listening to records on the Victrola, and visiting the park and zoo. Laura identifies with her glass menagerie because she has trouble identifying with the real world, the pieces are small and delicate, just as she is. The Victrola is a reminder of Mr. Wingfield; Laura often plays records to avoid the present and thinks pleasantly about the times she had with her father. When Laura stopped going to Rubicam's Business College, she would spend many of her days at the zoo or park. She was a nature lover and thought of these places as very peaceful and beautiful, a sharp contrast to her real life. The fragility of the unicorn, its second part, recalls Laura's delicate psychological condition. Laura's emotional problems caused many difficulties in her life. While in high school, Laura was very self-conscious about the brace she had to wear, as evidenced in the following passage: Laura: I had that brace on my leg -- it clumped so loud! Jim: I never heard any clumping. Laura: To me it sounded like -- thunder! Jim: Well, well, well, I never even noticed. Laura: And everybody was seated before I came in. I had to walk in front of all those people. My seat was in the back row. I had to go clumping all the way up the aisle with everyone watching! Jim: You shouldn't have been self-conscious. Laura: I know, but I was (93). Laura suffered all the way through high school. Unfortunately, she scored poorly on her final examinations and dropped out of school. After such a failure, her fragile self-esteem dropped from low to almost non-existent, and she could not face going back. Six years later, with pressure from her mother, Laura took another stab at education. She enrolled at Rubicam's Business College. However, Laura only made it to the first test. As the test began, she vomited on the floor and had to be carried to the bathroom. Laura never returned to school, and once again her fragile emotions got the

Free Essays on World War II

The most sinister and evil war in world history was fought from 1939 to 1945. This war came to be known as World War II (WWII). The entire world was at war. On one side there was the Allied Powers and on the other side there was the Axis Powers. The Allied Powers included the United States (didn’t join until 1941), France, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union (didn’t join until 1941). The Axis Powers included Germany, Italy, and Japan. The United States fought two wars, one in Europe and the other in the Pacific. When Japan bombed the U.S.’s Naval base in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii the United States entered WWII the next day. Franklin Roosevelt called it â€Å"a ate which will live in infamy.† (Cybriwsky, Encarta) In 1853 Commodore Matthew Perry was sent to Japan on a peace mission. (Cybriwsky, Encarta) Japan was still in the feudal age where the Shogun was the head of the government and the Emperor was just the face of the government. They were still living in the medieval age. In the process Perry showed the Japanese all of his modern tools and weapons. This in fact triggered the industrialization of Japan. The war brought an economic boom to the small island nation. The Imperialism age soon came to Japan and they decided to do the same thing every other country started to do in the latter part of the 19th century. As of 1900 the Japanese spheres of influence had reached Korea, Russia, Taiwan (then known as Formosa), and parts of China. (Boorstin and Kelly, PG. 427) In WWI Japan joined the side of the Allies against Germany and the Austria-Hungarian Empire. (Boorstin and Kelly, PG. 455) In 1904 Japan attacked the largest country in the world at Port Arthur, Russia. Then the Russo-Japanese War followed. After one year of battle the Russians were ready to negotiate. Japan got possession a Russian island and the Liaodong Peninsula. (Cybriwsky, Encarta) Japan had defeated the largest country in the world. In 1906 Japan took over Kore... Free Essays on World War II Free Essays on World War II The most sinister and evil war in world history was fought from 1939 to 1945. This war came to be known as World War II (WWII). The entire world was at war. On one side there was the Allied Powers and on the other side there was the Axis Powers. The Allied Powers included the United States (didn’t join until 1941), France, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union (didn’t join until 1941). The Axis Powers included Germany, Italy, and Japan. The United States fought two wars, one in Europe and the other in the Pacific. When Japan bombed the U.S.’s Naval base in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii the United States entered WWII the next day. Franklin Roosevelt called it â€Å"a ate which will live in infamy.† (Cybriwsky, Encarta) In 1853 Commodore Matthew Perry was sent to Japan on a peace mission. (Cybriwsky, Encarta) Japan was still in the feudal age where the Shogun was the head of the government and the Emperor was just the face of the government. They were still living in the medieval age. In the process Perry showed the Japanese all of his modern tools and weapons. This in fact triggered the industrialization of Japan. The war brought an economic boom to the small island nation. The Imperialism age soon came to Japan and they decided to do the same thing every other country started to do in the latter part of the 19th century. As of 1900 the Japanese spheres of influence had reached Korea, Russia, Taiwan (then known as Formosa), and parts of China. (Boorstin and Kelly, PG. 427) In WWI Japan joined the side of the Allies against Germany and the Austria-Hungarian Empire. (Boorstin and Kelly, PG. 455) In 1904 Japan attacked the largest country in the world at Port Arthur, Russia. Then the Russo-Japanese War followed. After one year of battle the Russians were ready to negotiate. Japan got possession a Russian island and the Liaodong Peninsula. (Cybriwsky, Encarta) Japan had defeated the largest country in the world. In 1906 Japan took over Kore... Free Essays on World War II World War II produced many heroes. One such man was Lieutenant Commander Butch O'Hare. He was a fighter pilot assigned to an aircraft carrier Lexington in the South Pacific. One day his entire squadron was sent on a mission. After he was airborne, he looked at his fuel gauge and realized that someone had forgotten to top off his fuel tank. He would not have enough fuel to complete his mission and get back to his ship. His flight leader told him to return to the carrier. Reluctantly he dropped out of formation and headed back to the fleet. As he was returning to the mother ship, he saw something that turned his blood cold. A squadron of Japanese bombers were speeding their way toward the American fleet. The American fighters were gone on a sortie and the fleet was all but defenseless. He couldn't reach his squadron and bring them back in time to save the fleet. Nor could he warn the fleet of the approaching danger. There was only one thing to do. He must somehow divert them from the fleet. Laying aside all thoughts of personal safety, he dove into the formation of Japanese planes. Wing-mounted 50 caliber's blazed as he charged in, attacking one surprised enemy plane and then another. Butch weaved in and out of the now broken formation and fired at as many planes as possible until finally all his ammunition was spent. Undaunted, he continued the assault. He dove at the planes, trying to at least clip off a wing or tail, in hopes of damaging as many enemy planes as possible and rendering them unfit to fly. He was desperate to do anything he could to keep them from reaching the American ships. Finally, the exasperated Japanese squadron took off in another direction. Deeply relieved, Butch O'Hare and his tattered fighter limped back to the carrier. Upon arrival he reported in and related the event surrounding his return. The film from the camera mounted on his plane told the tal...

How to Back up a Microsoft Access Database

How to Back up a Microsoft Access Database You store critical data in Access databases every day. Have you ever stopped to consider whether youre taking appropriate actions to protect your database in the event of a hardware failure, disaster, or other data loss? Microsoft Access provides built-in functionality to help you back up your databases and protect your organization. You can store the backup file anywhere, be it on an online storage account or just a flash drive or external hard drive. Make an Access Database Backup These steps are relevant to MS Access 2007 and newer, but make sure to follow the instructions that pertain to your version of Access, be it 2010, 2013, or 2016. See how to back up a 2013 Access database if you need help there. Start by opening the database you want to have a backup for, and then follow these steps: MS Access 2016 or 2013 Go into the File menu.Choose Save As and then click Back Up Database from the Save Database As section.Click the Save As button.Choose a name and pick where to save the backup file, and then click Save. MS Access 2010 Click on the File menu option.Choose Save Publish.Under Advanced, select Back Up Database.Name the file something memorable, place it somewhere easy to access, and then choose Save to make the backup. ​MS Access 2007 Click the Microsoft Office button.Choose Manage from the menu.Select Back Up Database under the Manage this database area.Microsoft Access will ask you where to save the file. Choose an appropriate location and name and then click Save to make the backup. Tips: After backing up the Access database, open the backup file in MS Access to verify that it completed successfully.For optimal protection, store a copy of your database backups in an offsite location on a periodic basis. If its a personal database that rarely changes, you might want to put a CD copy in a safe deposit box quarterly. Critical business databases might be backed up to magnetic tape on a daily (or more frequent) basis.Make database backups part of your regular safe computing routine.You may wish to optionally encrypt your database backups if your database contains sensitive information. This is a great idea if you plan to store it remotely.